In addition to using the Python-provided types, we can declare our own classes, and from classes we can instantiate objects.

An object is an instance of a class. A class is the type of an object.

Define a class in this way:

class <class_name>:
    # my class

For example let’s define a Dog class

class Dog:
    # the Dog class

A class can define methods:

class Dog:
    # the Dog class
    def bark(self):
        print('WOF!')

self as the argument of the method points to the current object instance, and must be specified when defining a method.

We create an instance of a class, an object, using this syntax:

roger = Dog()

Now roger is a new object of type Dog.

If you run

print(type(roger))

You will get <class '__main__.Dog'>

A special type of method, __init__() is called constructor, and we can use it to initialize one or more properties when we create a new object from that class:

class Dog:
    # the Dog class
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def bark(self):
        print('WOF!')

We use it in this way:

roger = Dog('Roger', 8)
print(roger.name) # 'Roger'
print(roger.age)  # 8

roger.bark() # 'WOF!'

One important features of classes is inheritance.

We can create an Animal class with a method walk():

class Animal:
    def walk(self):
        print('Walking..')

and the Dog class can inherit from Animal:

class Dog(Animal):
    def bark(self):
        print('WOF!')

Now creating a new object of class Dog will have the walk() method as that’s inherited from Animal:

roger = Dog()
roger.walk() # 'Walking..'
roger.bark() # 'WOF!'

Lessons in this unit:

0:	Introduction
1:	Functions
2:	Lambda functions
3:	Nested functions
4:	Recursion
5:	Closures
6:	Objects
7:	▶︎ Classes
8:	Polymorphism
9:	Operator overloading